• I. Course Contact Information
• II. Useful Materials and Links:
• III. Test reviews and solutions from other semesters:
• IV. Worked Problems:
• V. Course Notes for Calculus III:
• VI. Bonus Point Policy:
• VII. Required Homework List:

• Instructor: Dr. James S. Cook
• Office: Applied Science 105
• Office Hours: M-T-W-R-F from 11:00am-12:00pm
• Email: jcook4@liberty.edu
• Office Phone: 434-582-2476
• Lectures and tests are in DeMoss 1074
• Lecture Times: MWF 12:35-1:25pm

• Review for Test 2, Spring 2009 revision
• Solution for Test 1
• Solution for Test 2
• Solution for Test 3
• Additional Lagrange Multiplier Examples
• Additional Comments on the basics of "Einstein" notation.
• A note on how to compute determinants. We use these patterns to calculate cross-products for now, Jacobians a little later on.

• Review for Test 1
• Solution for Test 1
• Review for Test 2
• Solution for Test 2
• Solution for Bail Out Quiz
• Review for in-class part of Test 3
• Solution for Test 3 (in and out of class parts)

• Old Test One Solution:
• Old Test Two Solution:
• Old Test Three Solution:

• Project I: vectors, calculus of vector-valued functions, partial derivatives: (Click here for Solution)
• Project II: applications of partial derivatives, parametrized surfaces, higher dimensional integration: (Click here for Solution: warning there is an error in this solution, ask me.)
• Project III: differential and integral vector calculus : (Click here for Solution)

• Homework 1 Solution vectors.
• Homework 2 Solution lines and planes.
• Homework 3 Solution calculus of vector-valued functions of a real variable and motion in 3D.
• Homework 4 Solution partial derivatives.
• Homework 5 Solution fun with grad(f). section 15.4#'s 1, 11, 39 and section 15.6#'s 8, 15, 25, 39, 53.
• Homework 6 Solution parametrizations and directional derivatives. section 17.6#'s 19, 23, and section 15.7 #11, 35
• Homework 7 Solution double and triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates. section 16.2#'s 6, 10, 25 and 16.6#'s 3, 10, 19.
• Homework 8 Solution Coordinate change and Jacobians. 16.9#'s 1, 5, 7, 13, 17a.
• Homework 9 Solution double integrals in polar coordinates. section 16.4#'s 10, 13, 16, 17, 19, 25.
• Homework 10 Solution triple integrals using cylindrical coordinate change (use sphericals for #26 its easier). section 16.7#'s 7, 11, 17, 20, 26.
• Homework 11 Solution integrations via spherical coordinates. section 16.8#'s 5, 9, 21, 23, 27.
• Homework 12 Solution, section 17.5#'s 3, 11, 12, 13, 20, 30.
• Homework 13 and 14 Solution, section 17.2#'s 1, 8, 11, 19, 22, 41. section 17.3#'s 3, 11, 21, 30, 31.
• Homework 15 Solution, section 17.4#'s 5, 11 and section 17.6#'s 37, 41
• Homework 16 Solution, section 17.7#'s 5, 14, 18, 21, 23, 41.
• Homework 17 Solution, section 17.8#'s 2, 9, 17 and section 17.9#'s 5, 9

• [9.1-9.5]: Cartesian coordinates and vectors
• [9.5, 9.6, 11.1]: More vectors and functions of x,y and z
• [10.1-10.5]: Vector-valued functions and topics related.
• [11.2, 11.3, 11.5]: Partial derivatives.
• [11.4, 11.6]: Tangent planes and linearizations.
• [11.7, 11.8]: Min/Max and Lagrange multipliers.
• [12.2, 12.3, 12.7]: Double and Triple Cartesian Integrals.
• [10.5, 9.7, 12.9, 12.4, 12.8]: Jacobians and Integration in other coordinates.
• [13.1, 13.5]: Curl, divergence, and vector fields.
• [13.2, 13.3]: Line integrals, FTC, conservative vector fields.
• [12.6, 13.6]: Surface area and surface integrals.
• [13.4, 13.7, 13.8]: Green's, Stokes', and Gauss' Theorems.

• [236-239] Cartesian coordinates and vectors: (13.1) We define three dimensional Cartesian coordinates and discuss distance between points. Also the point-vector correspondance is seen.


• [240-250] Vectors: (13.2-13.4) We define addition of vectors, scalar multiplication of vectors, dot and cross products of vectors. Also we discuss the meaning of the unit vector and the vector and scalar projections.


• [251-256] Lines and planes: (13.5) Parametric equation of a line examined. Also equation of plane motivated from vector viewpoint.


• [257-262] Analytic geometry and graphing: (13.6) Graphs z=f(x,y), level surfaces, and contour plots introduced.


• [263-268] Calculus for vector-valued functions of "t": (14.1-14.2) Concept of a vector-valued function of a real variable is introduced. Integrals and derivatives are done one component at a time.


• [269-279] Curves in 3-d: (14.3) We develop the differential geometry of curves. Arclength, curvature and torsion characterize the shape of a given curve and they are calculated from the TNB (Frenet)-Frame which we identify as moving coordinate system. The osculating plane and circle as well as the TNB frame help us visualize the curve.


• [280-283] Motion in 3-d: (14.4) Once we identify the parameter of the curve as time we may define velocity, speed, and acceleration. Then we use the TNB frame to break up the acceleration into its tangential and normal components, the familar equations of constant speed circular motion are derived rigoursly via calculus.


• [283-289] Kepler's Laws: (14.4) We derive Kepler's Laws from scratch using Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation plus vector algebra. We will probably not have time for a lecture on this.


• [290-291] Limits and continuity: (15.1-15.2) Limits generalized to two or more variables.


• [292-295] Partial Differentiation: (15.3) Definition of partial differentiation plus geometric interpretation discussed. Examples illustrating basic idea of partial differention are also given here.


• [296-299] Chain Rules for Partial Differentiation: (11.5) Chain rule for several independent and/or several intermediate variables detailed.


• [300-305] Constrained Partial Differentiation: (11.5 and more not in Stewart) Sometimes which variables are dependent and which are independent is not clear. The notation introduced in the discussion of Constrained Partial differentiation helps reduce this confusion. Implicit differentiation is also discussed, in principle this is the same concept. Basically the overall question is how do you differentiate given that some algebraic relation also holds. In contrast, the earlier parts of the notes dealt with variables with no constraints. If there are no constraints then the variables are said to be "independent".


• [305a-305f] Added notes on the general idea of differentiation these notes supplement the page 306... notes. I try to motivate the general derivative or Frechet Derivative by analogy to calculus I. The big idea is that the derivative is the best linear approximation.


• [306-310] Theory of derivatives:(not quite in Stewart) I explain what the geometric idea is behind all these assorted partial derivatives we have seen. We simply insist that the derivative of a function is the best linear approximation. The concept of "best" implicits a "norm" and technically what I am describing here is an instance of the so-called "Frechet Derivative". Don't worry, we don't get too carried away, we simply explain how to differentiate other sorts of functions. The Jacobian matrix is introduced and calculated for a few explicit examples. We provide a very general proof for the chain rule on the basis of a little matrix/linear algebra argument. The results shown here are useful later in section 17.9.


• [311-313] Tangent Planes and Differentials (15.4,15.6) Linearization introduced as a tool to approximate functions of several variables. The total differential introduced to aid in the estimation of error.


• [314-316] Directional Derivative (15.6) Directional Derivatives are used to measure the rate of change of the function is some given direction. Because the directional derivative is linear it can be constructed from the partial derivatives if they are given. Geometrically, the graph will intersect a vertical plane to form some curve. The directional derivative measures the slope of that curve at some point. Pragmatically, the directional derivative tells us how quickly the function is changing. We need both a point and a direction to even ask the question. Pictures of this are fairly easy to see for f(x,y), but the concept extends to functions of many variables. The graphs of f(x,y,z) or f(w,x,y,z) lie in 4 or 5 dimensional space respectively, its hard to picture. Finally, it should be emphasized that the directional derivative is best remembered by its connection with the gradient of a function.


• [317-319] Tangent Planes and Parametrized Surfaces (15.6,17.6) The tangent plane discussed again, we find how to find its equation for the case z=f(x,y). Parametric surfaces are introduced, we see how to find the tangent plane in that alternate formulation for a surface. We compare and contrast the various viewpoints for describing surface as well as how the tangent plane is found in each setting.


• [320-324] Multivariate Extrema: (15.7) Theory for finding extrema for a function of two variables stated without proof, several examples given. Closed interval method generalized to a closed bounded region.


• [325-329] Lagrange Multipliers: (15.8) A novel geometrically motivated approach known as the Lagrange Multiplier Method is used to solve constrained maximation problems. I describe briefly how Lagrange Multipliers are used in the variational calculus of classical mechanics. I should emphasize that the technique of Lagrange multipliers is far larger than the particular application made in this section. That said we will not cover this topic this semester.


• [330-333] Multivariate Cartesian Integrals:(16.1,16.2,16.6) Double and triple integrals over boxes defined. In short, the double and triple integrals require us to iterate the integrals. The areas and volumes of integration considered here are simple rectangles or cubes. These are the easy ones.


• [334-338] Double Integrals over nontrivial regions(16.3) In short, the double integrals require us to iterate the integrals, just as in partial differentiation the variables besides the integration variable are regarded as constants. We do more general double integrals over TYPE I and TYPE II regions. Graphing becomes very important. The order of iteration is dictated by the nature of the region, some are easier to characterize as TYPE I or TYPE II, if choose unwisely might have to split it up into several pieces. Double integrals of a function give the signed volume of the functions graph over the region of integration.


• [339-342] Triple Integrals over nontrivial regions:(16.6) In short, the triple integrals require us to iterate the integrals, just as in partial differentiation the variables besides the integration variable are regarded as constants. Triple integrals over general regions are discussed, again the order of integration should be based on how the region's graph can be understood in terms of bounding x,y,z in terms of each other. If we integrate the constant function f=1 then that triple integral calculates the volume of the integration region. However, the integral of f(x,y,z) generally represents some 4-volume (or hypervolume) which represents a sum of the function's values over the region of integration. For example, integrals of charge or mass density yield the total charge or mass contained in the region of integration. (Here I am speaking of volume densities.)


• [343-359] Multivariate Integrals in General Coordinates: (16.4,16.7,16.8,16.9) Change of variables theorem for multivariate integrals given. A proof is sketched which is based on our general theory of differentiation from earlier. Standard curve-linear coordinate integrations are discussed, we derive the modified integration rules through calculating the appropriate Jacobian determinants. Finally a geometric motivation for the curvy area and volume elements is given. Differential forms are mentioned as an alternate method for calculating determinants. Cartesian coordinates are often preferred because we are most familar with them. However, it is known that using other coordinates which reflect the symmetry of a problem can both reduce calculational difficulty and emphasize the conceptual beauty of the problem.


• [360-365] Vector Fields: (17.1, and more not in Stewart) Their geometric significance is pondered, and their algebraic structure is unfurled. Being discontent with Stewart's Cartesian-centric universe we derive formulas for cylindrical and spherical coordinates. This requires some effort, but in the process we learn more about vector algebra and coordinates in general. The convenient (Cartesian) correspondance of points and vectors is no longer valid with respect to the natural coordinate basis for non-Cartesian coordinates. We see that the cylindrical and spherical coordinate vector basis have a coordinate depedence. One cannot simply identify (,) with <,> in non-Cartesian coordinates. (the business about other coordinate systems is not to be found in your text, however the material is complete in these notes so no worries)


• [366-368] Gradient: (17.5, and more not in Stewart) We discuss the gradient. Its geometric significance is pondered, and its algebraic structure is unfurled. Being discontent with Stewart's Cartesian-centric universe we derive formulas for cylindrical and spherical coordinates. This requires some effort, but in the process we learn more about vector algebra and coordinates in general. This ongoing discussion of non-Cartesian coordinates is not in your text, but again the material is complete within these notes.


• [369-372] Curl: (17.5, and more not in Stewart) We discuss the curl. Its geometric significance is pondered, and its algebraic structure is unfurled. We also begin our discussion of Conservative vector fields and potential functions.


• [360-384] Divergence: (17.5, and more not in Stewart) We discuss the divergence. Its geometric significance is pondered, and its algebraic structure is unfurled. I include two important examples from electromagnetism to illustrate the use of the vector calculus.


• [375-384] Curl and Divergence in curved coordinates: (not in Stewart) Being discontent with Stewart's Cartesian-centric universe we derive formulas for cylindrical and spherical coordinates. This requires some effort, but in the process we learn more about vector algebra and coordinates in general. The convenient (Cartesian) correspondance of points and vectors is no longer valid with respect to the natural coordinate basis for non-Cartesian coordinates. We see that the cylindrical and spherical coordinate vector basis have a coordinate dependence. Derivatives act on the coordinate vectors as well as the component functions of a vector field, this complicates the formulas considerably. The fact remains that these formulas are essential building blocks for real-world problems in physics where using Cartesian coordinates is cumbersome. Instead, sphericals or cylindrical coordinates are better. And now since we have done all the heavy lifting here you can be sure that those weird looking formulas for grad, curl and div are actually quite reasonable. It is just a matter of persistence to derive them. Perhaps you will have the opportunity to derive the one that is missing in these notes... Finally, at the end of this section we summarize the formulas in both the math conventions and the superior more tasteful physics conventions.


• [385-394] Line Integrals: (17.2) [385-394] We define scalar line integrals along arclength, dx, dy and dz. Then we find how to integrate a vector field along a curve, this is called the line integral.


• [395-399] FTC for Line Integrals and Path Independence: (17.3) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) for line integrals is given and applied to various problems. We find why the terminology "conservative vector field" is good. Objects under the sole influence of a conservative vector field have their net energy conserved. (see next section)


• {400-401] Work Energy Theorem: (17.3) Objects under the sole influence of a conservative vector field have their net energy conserved. We derive the conservation of energy for such forces as a consequence of the FTC for line integrals.


• [402-406] Parametric Surfaces and their areas: (17.6) We revisit the parametric surface. We find how to calculate the surface area in view of the parametric characterization of the surface, graphs z=f(x,y) can also be treated as a special case where the parameters are simply "x" and "y".


• [407-411] Surface Integrals: (17.7) The definition of the surface integral of a vector field is given. I attempt to illustrate the "geometric" or intuitive approach in constrast to the calculations indicated from a straightforward application of the definition. One shouldn't rely on either in all cases. I should mention these are often called "flux integrals" because the surface integral calculates the flux of a field which cuts across the surface.


• [412-419] Green's, Stoke's Theorems: (17.4,17.8) We begin with Stoke's Theorem and remark that Green's Theorem is simply a special case. However, it is an important case so we study a number of examples. Stoke's Theorem involves the curious trade of a surface integral for a line integral, this seems like magic. If you object to magic you can work through the proof in Stewart.


• [420] Conservative Vector Fields: (many sections) We collect our thoughts about conservative vector fields. As it turns out there are a number of distinct methods to characterize such fields. Each has its place, interestingly topology becomes important in this discussion.


• [421-423] Gauss' or Divergence Theorem: (13.9) The Divergence Theorem which is also known as Gauss's Theorem is discussed. This time a volume integral can be exchanged for a surface integral. This allows the density of some quantity to be related the flux of a vector field.


• [424-425] Differential Forms: (not in Stewart) We conclude with a brief overview of the calculus of differential forms. I show how the exterior derivative unifies the distinct derivatives of vector calculus into a single operation. Then the Generalized Stoke's Theorem is seen to reproduce the FTC, Stoke's and Gauss's Theorems. You can see my ma 430 notes for more on differential forms. The concept of a differential form is important to both modern theoretical physics and math.

• Differential Forms Project (10pts)
• If you are interested in some topic involving calculus III then suggest and alternate project

Section #	My Notes	Due Date	Assignment	Description / Hints
Sec. 13.1	236-239	Jan. 19	11, 13, 15, 20, 23-31(odds)	3d-Cartesian Coordinates
Sec. 13.2	240-250	Jan. 19	7, 13, 17, 21, 24, 31, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42	vectors
Sec. 13.3	240-250	Jan. 26	3, 8, 12, 13, 16, 20, 24, 23, 36, 40, 45, 50, 54, 56, 60	dot product
Sec. 13.4	240-250	Jan. 26	2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 20, 23, 25, 33, 39, 43, 45, 49	cross product
Sec. 13.5	251-256	Jan. 26	3, 6, 9 (no symmetric equation required for 6 or 9), 14, 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 28, 32, 40, 55	lines and planes
Sec. 13.6	257-262	Feb. 2	12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36	functions of several variables
Sec. 14.1	263-268	Feb. 2	8, 14(use Mathematica to graph curve, can pencil in direction if you wish), 25, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43 (use definition 1)	vector-valued functions
Sec. 14.2	263-268	Feb. 2	3, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 27(use Mathematica), 28(use Mathematica), 33, 34, 43, 46, 49	calculus of vector-valued functions
Sec. 14.3	269-279	Feb. 2	1, 13, 43(you may use Mathematica to help calculate this if you wish)	arclength and moving TNB-frame
Sec. 14.4	280-283	Feb. 2	9, 15, 19, 21, 35,	motion in space
Sec. 15.1	.	Feb. 9	21-26 graph with Mathematica, 36, 39, 43, 62, 64	graphing, functions of several variables
Sec. 15.2	290-291	Feb. 9	5, 7, 9	limits and continuity
Sec. 15.3	292-295	Feb. 9	16, 22, 32, 36, 37, 40, 43, 50, 51, 61, 70a-b, 76	basic partial derivatives
Sec. 15.5	296-299	Feb. 9	1, 2, 7, 14, 22, 25, 39, 40, 45, 53	chain rule for several variables
Test I	.	Feb. 13	Test I	.
Sec. 15.4	311-313, 317-319	Feb. 23	1, 3, 11, 17, 29, 30, 42(we define the tangent plane at P to be the union of all tangent vectors at P)	tangent plane and linearization
Sec. 15.6	311-319	Feb. 23	7, 12, 15, 20, 25, 28, 41a, 63	directional derivative
Sec. 15.7	320-324	Feb. 23	8, 11, 18, 29, 41, 55***	extrema in functions of several variables
Sec. 16.2	330-342	Mar. 2	6, 12, 13, 16, 22, 31	basic double integrals
Sec. 16.3	330-342	Mar. 2	8, 13, 15, 16, 22, 46	double integrals over general regions
Sec. 16.6	339-343	Mar. 2	3, 8, 12, 13, 14, 39	triple integrals
Event	.	Mar. 9-13	.	The "Holidays"
Sec. 16.9	343-359	Mar. 16	3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13	the Jacobian
Sec. 16.4	343-359	Mar. 16	2, 9, 10, 16, 23, 25, 29, 36***	double integrals in polar coordinates
Sec. 16.7	343-359	Mar. 23	1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 23a, 28	triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates
Sec. 16.8	343-359	Mar. 23	1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 20, 21, 22, 27, 30, 40	triple integrals in spherical coordinates
Test II	.	Mar. 27	Test II	.
Sec. 17.1	360-365	Apr. 6	2, 4, 6, 8, 10 (use Mathematica to plot vector fields in 2,4,6,8,10), 21, 23, 35**	vector fields
Sec. 17.5	366-368, 369-372, 373-374	Apr. 6	1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 32(use 31 and 30's results if helpful), 37, 38, 33**, 34**, 39***	curl and divergence
Event	.	Apr. 13	.	Easter Break
Sec. 17.2	385-394	Apr. 15	1, 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 32(use Mathematica), 45, 48	line integrals
Sec. 17.3	395-401, 400-401	Apr. 15	12, 15, 20, 21, 26, 30, 32, 33**, 34**	FTC for line integrals, conservative forces
Sec. 17.6	402-406	Apr. 20	2, 5, 8, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 37, 43, 46, 55, 56, 57	parametrized surfaces and surface area
Sec. 17.7	402-406	Apr. 20	7, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 44, 47	surface integrals
Sec. 17.4	412-419	Apr. 27	1, 5, 8, 29**	Greene's Theorem
Sec. 17.8	412-419	Apr. 27	5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 16, 19*,20***	Stoke's Theorem
Sec. 17.9	421-423	Apr. 27	6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25*, 26*, 27*, 28*, 29*, 30**	Divergence Theorem
Test III	.	Dec. 29-30	Test III	(end of class on 29th - 5pm April 30 takehome).
Final	.	May 4	10:30-12:30	comprehensive